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are rigid

  • 1 sto

    sto, stĕti, stătum, 1 (scanned stĕtĕrunt, Verg. A. 2, 774; 3, 48; Ov. H. 7, 166; Prop. 2, 8, 10), v. n. [root sta-; Sanscr. sthā, sthalam, locus; Gr. sta-, histêmi, to set, place; statêr, weight; O. H. Germ. stām; Goth. standa; Engl. stand], to stand, in opposition to sitting, walking, or lying prostrate, to stand still, remain standing, stand upright.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    In gen.:

    hos quos videtis stare hic captivos duos, Illi qui astant, hi stant ambo, non sedent,

    Plaut. Capt. prol. 1 sq.; cf.:

    cum virgo staret et Caecilia in sellā sederet,

    Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104:

    si iste ibit, ito: stabit, astato simul,

    Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 74:

    abi intro, noli stare,

    id. Mil. 4, 3, 36; so (opp. ire) id. Merc. 3, 3, 21; id. Mil. 4, 2, 95; 4, 9, 10; id. Pers. 3, 3, 43; 4, 4, 50; Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 6; 3, 2, 12:

    i: quid stas, lapis?

    id. Heaut. 4, 7, 3:

    ante aedes,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 56; 1, 1, 250; 2, 2, 35; id. Truc. 2, 3, 14:

    ante ostium,

    Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 4; id. And. 3, 1, 17; id. Hec. 3, 4, 14; 5, 4, 14:

    ante oculos,

    Ov. Am. 1, 5, 17:

    ad januam,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 86, 353:

    ad undam,

    Verg. G. 4, 356:

    orantem juxta,

    Stat. Th. 11, 618:

    hic foris,

    Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 12:

    hinc procul,

    Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 1:

    propter in occulto,

    Cic. Clu. 28, 78; cf.:

    qui proximi steterant,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 35, 3:

    propius,

    Hor. A. P. 361:

    sta ilico,

    Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 18:

    qui frequentissimi in gradibus concordiae steterunt,

    Cic. Phil. 7, 8, 21:

    stans pede in uno,

    Hor. S. 1, 4, 10 et saep.—Of things:

    ita statim stant signa,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 120:

    quorum statuae steterunt in Rostris,

    Cic. Phil. 9, 2, 4:

    statua,

    id. Div. 1, 34, 75:

    signa ad impluvium, ad valvas Junonis,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 23, § 61:

    stabat acuta silex,

    Verg. A. 8, 233:

    columna,

    Hor. C. 1, 35, 14:

    cerea effigies,

    id. S. 1, 8, 32; cf. poet.:

    aeneus ut stes,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 183.— Pass. impers.: Ps. Statur hic ad hunc modum. Sim. Statum vide hominis, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 44: Gn. Quid agitur? Pa. Statur, Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 40:

    confecto munerum cursu moriar stando,

    Amm. 24, 3, 7.—Prov.:

    inter sacrum saxumque sto, nec quid faciam scio,

    i.e. I am in a pinch, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 84; v. sacrum.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Pregn., to stand firm or immovable; to last, remain, continue: cui nec arae patriae domi stant; fractae et disjectae jacent, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 115 Vahl.):

    nec domus ulla nec urbs stare poterit,

    Cic. Lael. 7, 23:

    stantibus Hierosolymis,

    id. Fl. 28, 69:

    ut praeter spem stare muros viderunt,

    Liv. 38, 5:

    urbem innoxiam stare incolumem pati,

    id. 31, 31, 15:

    hasta, quae radice novā, non ferro stabat adacto,

    stuck fast, remained fixed, Ov. M. 15, 562:

    missum stetit inguine ferrum,

    id. ib. 5, 132; cf. id. ib. 5, 34;

    8, 415: stat glacies iners,

    Hor. C. 2, 9, 5:

    aquae,

    Ov. M. 4, 732:

    longā stare senectā,

    Sil. 3, 94:

    cornus stetit inter tempora frontis,

    id. 4, 142.—
    2.
    To remain, tarry, linger any where (cf. moror):

    paulisper stetimus in illā ganearum tuarum nidore atque fumo,

    Cic. Pis. 6, 13:

    hos quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam,

    id. Cat. 2, 3, 5: cur non aut stantem comprehenderint, aut fugientem consecuti sint, remaining in the city, id. Cael, 28, 67;

    so (opp. fugio),

    id. Tusc. 2, 23, 54:

    cum gladiis in conspectu senatus,

    id. Phil. 2, 4, 8:

    qui domi stare non poterant,

    id. Fl. 6, 13:

    (meretrix) olente in fornice stans,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 30; cf. Ov. Am. 1, 10, 21; Juv. 10, 239; cf.

    of minerals not attracted by the magnet: pondere enim fretae partim stant, quod genus aurum,

    Lucr. 6, 1058. —
    3.
    In milit. lang.
    a.
    To stand in the ranks or under arms, to fight:

    quisque uti steterat, jacet obtinetque ordinem,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 86: ut sustinere corpora plerique nequeuntes arma sua quisque stantes incumberet, Sall. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 9, 229 (H. 3, 72 Dietsch):

    cum milites a mane diei jejuni sub armis stetissent defatigati, Auct. B. Afr. 42, 3: primo haud impari stetere acie,

    Liv. 26, 44:

    in Asia totius Asiae steterunt vires,

    id. 37, 58: in acie, Auct. B. Hisp. 28 fin.:

    pars acie stabat, Auct. B. Afr. 51, 6: stetit acies in armis,

    Sen. Phoen. 389; cf.:

    stetit ordine certo Infelix acies,

    Luc. 7, 2, 16.—
    b.
    Pregn., to stand firm in fight, stand one's ground, maintain the contest (opp. abjecto scuto fugere), Cic. Tusc. 2, 23, 54; cf.:

    in acie stare ac pugnare (opp. in castra refugere),

    Liv. 22, 60, 25:

    Tarquiniensis, novus hostis non stetit solum, sed etiam ab suā parte Romanum pepulit,

    id. 2, 6, 11:

    comminus,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 47:

    inque gradu stetimus, certi non cedere,

    Ov. M. 9, 43; cf.:

    contra leonem,

    Spart. Carac. 5.—
    c.
    Transf., of a battle, to last, hold out, continue (a favorite expression of Livy):

    ibi aliquamdiu atrox pugna stetit,

    Liv. 29, 2:

    diu pugna neutro inclinata stetit,

    id. 27, 2:

    ita anceps dicitur certamen stetisse,

    id. 8, 38:

    primo stetit ambiguā spe pugna,

    id. 7, 7.—
    4.
    Nautical t. t., to lie, to lie or ride at anchor:

    ante hostium portus in salo stare,

    Liv. 37, 16;

    Auct. B. Afr. 62: naves regiae in sinu Maliaco,

    Liv. 36, 20:

    classis instructa in portu,

    id. 37, 11:

    classis in salo ad Leptim, Auct. B. Afr. 62, 4: litore puppes,

    Verg. A. 6, 901.—
    5.
    Of servants, to stand, wait, attend (very rare): neque pueri eximiā facie stabant, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 15, 12, 2:

    sto exspectans, si quid mihi imperent,

    Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 46:

    ad cyathum et vinum,

    Suet. Caes. 49; cf.:

    ad pedes,

    id. Galb. 22.—
    6.
    Of buildings, cities, etc., to stand finished, be erected (mostly poet.):

    intra annum nova urbs stetit,

    Liv. 6, 4, 6:

    jam stabant Thebae,

    Ov. M. 3, 131:

    moenia jam stabant,

    id. F. 3, 181:

    stet Capitolium Fulgens,

    Hor. C. 3, 3, 42:

    aedificant muros... Stabat opus,

    Ov. M. 11, 205:

    jam stare ratem,

    Val. Fl. 1, 96.—
    7.
    Of the countenance, to be unmoved, to be at rest ( poet.):

    stat num quam facies,

    Luc. 5, 214:

    stant ora metu,

    are rigid, Val. Fl. 4, 639; cf.:

    cur ad patrios non stant tua lumina vultus,

    Stat. Th. 10, 693.—
    8.
    To stand up, stand upright, stand on end; to bristle up, stiffen, etc. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose): papillae, Lucil. ap. Non. 391, 26:

    mammae,

    Plin. 28, 19, 77, § 249:

    steterunt comae,

    Verg. A. 2, 774; 3, 48; Ov. M. 7, 631; cf. id. ib. 10, 425:

    crines fulvi pulvere,

    Stat. Th. 3, 326:

    setae,

    Ov. M. 8, 286:

    in vertice cristae,

    id. ib. 6, 672:

    aristae,

    id. ib. 10, 655:

    stantes oculi,

    prominent, Ov. F. 6, 133:

    oculis rigentibus et genis stantibus,

    fixed, Plin. 23, 1, 24, § 49. —In mal. part., Mart. 3, 73, 2; App. M. 2, p. 117, 39; Auct. Priap. 75, 2.—Rarely of fluids, to coagulate, stiffen:

    sanguis stetit,

    Sen. Oedip. 585.—
    9.
    With abl., to stand out with, be thick with, full of any thing (mostly poet.): stant pulvere campi, Enn. ap. Porphyr. ad Hor. C. 1, 9, 1 (Ann. v. 592 Vahl.): cupressi Stant rectis foliis, id. ap. Philarg. ad Verg. G. 2, 444 (Ann. v. 268 ib.): stat sentibu' fundus, Lucil. ap. Don. Ter. And. 4, 2, 16; Titin. ap. Non. 391, 21; so,

    ager sentibus,

    Caecil. ib. 391, 23:

    vides ut altā stet nive candidum Soracte,

    Hor. C. 1, 9, 1: caelum caligine stat, Sisenn. ap. Non. 392, 8:

    pulvere caelum,

    Verg. A. 12, 408:

    pulvereo globo astra,

    Stat. Th. 7, 124:

    stant lumina (Charontis) flammā,

    Verg. A. 6, 300:

    stant pulvere Syrtes,

    Claud. Laud. Stil. 1, 257.
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    In gen., to stand: mentes, rectae quae stare solebant, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 6, 16 (Ann. v. 208 Vahl.):

    stetisse ipsum in fastigio eloquentiae,

    Quint. 12, 1, 20.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Pregn., to stand one's ground, stand firm or unshaken; to endure, persevere, persist, abide, continue:

    moribus antiquis res stat Romana virisque, Enn. ap. Aug. Civ. Dei, 2, 21 (Ann. v. 492 Vahl.): disciplinam militarem, quā stetit ad hanc diem Romana res, solvisti,

    Liv. 8, 7:

    res publica staret,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 10, 24; cf. id. Cat. 2, 10, 21:

    stante urbe et curiā,

    id. Planc. 29, 71:

    ut eo neglecto civitas stare non possit,

    id. Cael. 1, 1:

    utinam res publica stetisset, quo coeperat statu,

    id. Off. 2, 1, 3:

    qui illam (rem publicam) cadere posse stante me non putārant,

    id. Fam. 6, 6, 2:

    ut stante re publicā facere solebamus,

    id. Off. 2, 1, 3:

    neque enim aliter stare possemus,

    id. Sest. 45, 97:

    per quos homines ordinesque steterim, quibusque munitus fuerim, non ignoras,

    id. Fam. 13, 29, 7; cf.:

    eorum auxilio, qui me stante stare non poterant,

    id. ib. 7, 2, 3:

    respublica stetit virtute tuā,

    Liv. 4, 40:

    stetit regnum puero,

    id. 1, 3:

    dum stetimus,

    Ov. Tr. 1, 9, 17:

    stamus animis,

    Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2:

    stas animo,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 213:

    Gabinium sine provinciā stare non posse,

    could not hold out, subsist, Cic. Pis. 6, 12; cf. id. Fl. 6, 14; Suet. Oth. 5:

    nedum sermonum stet honos,

    Hor. A. P. 69.—Hence, nearly—esse, tantā stat praedita culpā (natura), Lucr. 5, 199:

    pausam stare fragori,

    id. 1, 747.—
    b.
    (Acc. to its use as a milit. t. t., v. supra, I. B. 3.) To maintain the contest:

    cum in senatu pulcherrime staremus,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 1.—
    c.
    Stare in aliquā re, simply aliquā re, and post-class. also alicui rei, to stand firm, persist, persevere; to rest, abide, adhere to, continue in a thing.
    (α).
    In aliquā re:

    si in fide non stetit,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 10, 28:

    sin in eo non stat,

    id. Att. 2, 4, 1:

    stare oportet in eo, quod sit judicatum,

    id. Fin. 1, 14, 47:

    in sententiā,

    Liv. 4, 44.—
    (β).
    With abl.:

    eā omnes stant sententiā,

    Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 35:

    suis stare judiciis,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 28, 81:

    censoris opinione,

    id. Clu. 47, 132:

    alicujus decreto,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 13:

    stare conditionibus,

    Cic. Att. 7, 15, 2:

    stare conventis,

    id. Off. 3, 25, 95:

    stare jurejurando,

    Quint. 5, 6, 4:

    nihil quo stat loco stabit, omnia sternet abducetque vetustas,

    Sen. ad Marc. 26, 4.— Pass. impers.:

    stabitur consilio,

    Liv. 7, 35:

    etsi priore foedere staretur,

    id. 21, 19:

    famā rerum standum est,

    id. 7, 6.—
    (γ).
    With dat.:

    arbitri sententiae stare,

    Dig. 4, 7, 23 fin.:

    voluntati patris,

    ib. 26, 7, 3; 36, 3, 6:

    rei judicatae,

    ib. 42, 1, 32:

    emptioni,

    ib. 19, 1, 13; ib. 4, 8, 27 (five times) et saep.—
    (δ).
    Stat sententia, aliquid, or, impersonally, stat ( alicui), the determination stands or holds good; I ( thou, he, etc.) am determined: Pa. Vide quid agas. Ph. Stat sententia, Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 18:

    Hannibal, postquam ipsi sententia stetit, pergere ire,

    Liv. 21, 30:

    stat sententia tradere mecum Dotalem patriam,

    Ov. M. 8, 67:

    modo nobis stet illud, unā vivere in studiis nostris,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 2, 5:

    stat pectore fixum, Aeetae sociare manus,

    Val. Fl. 5, 289:

    nos in Asiam convertemus: neque adhuc stabat, quo potissimum,

    Cic. Att. 3, 14, 2:

    mihi stat alere morbum,

    Nep. Att. 21, 6:

    quos ut seponi stetit,

    Sil. 3, 68:

    stat, casus renovare omnes,

    Verg. A. 2, 750. —
    d.
    In aliquā re, or simply aliquā re, to rest on, be fixed on, depend upon, etc.:

    omnis in Ascanio stat cura parentis,

    Verg. A. 1, 646:

    regnum fraternā stare concordiā,

    Liv. 45, 19:

    quā (disciplinā) stetit Romana res,

    id. 8, 7:

    hac arte (i.e. bello) in patriā steti,

    id. 5, 44, 2; Val. Fl. 3, 673; Verg. A. 2, 163:

    magis famā quam vi stare res suas,

    Tac. A. 6, 30:

    apud quos virtute quam pecuniā res Romana melius stetit,

    id. H. 2, 69 fin.:

    famā bella stare,

    Curt. 3, 8, 7.—
    2.
    In theatr. lang., of plays and actors, to stand, i.e. to please, take, succeed:

    quod si intellegeret, cum stetit olim nova (fabula), Actoris operā magis stetisse quam suā,

    Ter. Phorm. prol. 9 sq.:

    partim vix steti, id. Hec. prol. alt. 7: securus, cadat an recto stat fabula talo,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 176:

    illi, scripta quibus comoedia prisca viris est, Hoc stabant, hoc sunt imitandi,

    id. S. 1, 10, 17.—
    3.
    Stare, ab, cum, or pro aliquo, or aliquā re, or with adv. loci, to stand by, on the side of, adhere to a person or thing, take the part of:

    ut nemo contra civium perditorum dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causā steterit constantius,

    Cic. Brut. 79, 273:

    a se potius quam ab adversariis,

    id. Inv. 1, 43, 81:

    a mendacio contra verum,

    id. ib. 1, 3, 4:

    a contrariā ratione,

    Auct. Her. 4, 2, 4:

    cum di prope ipsi cum Hannibale starent,

    Liv. 26, 41, 17; 5, 38:

    stabat cum eo senatus majestas,

    id. 8, 34, 1:

    nobiscum adversus bar, baros,

    Nep. Ages. 5, 4:

    si pro meā patriā ista virtus staret,

    Liv. 2, 12:

    pro jure gentium,

    id. 38, 25:

    pro vobis adversus reges stetimus,

    id. 45, 22, 10; 23, 8, 3 Fabri ad loc.:

    pro Jubā atque Afris,

    Quint. 11, 1, 80:

    pro signis,

    Ov. A. A. 1, 200:

    quamvis duces non essent praesentes, staret tamen pro partibus invicta fortuna ultoris,

    Flor. 4, 7, 10:

    hic primo pro Pompei partibus, mox simulatione contra Pompeium stetit,

    Vell. 2, 48, 4:

    voluptas pro iisdem partibus standi,

    Sen. Vit. Beat. 4, 1; cf.:

    et dii quoque pro meliore stant causā,

    Curt. 4, 1, 13:

    hinc stas, illinc causam dicis,

    Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 48:

    unde stetisset, eo se victoria transferret,

    Just. 5, 4, 12: non semper vostra evortet: nunc Juppiter hac stat, stands at your side, stands by you, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 263 Vahl.); imitated by Verg. A. 12, 565.—So with in:

    Graeci, qui in Darei partibus steterant,

    Curt. 3, 11, 18.—
    4.
    Stare per aliquem, to stand to one's account, be chargeable or owing to one; to lie at one's door, be one's fault; followed by a negative consequence or effect, expressed by quin, [p. 1763] quominus, or ne.
    (α).
    With quin:

    quoniam per eum non stetisset, quin praestaretur, etc.,

    Liv. 2, 31, 11 Weissenb.ad loc.—
    (β).
    With quominus (freq.):

    si poterit fieri, ut ne pater per me stetisse credat, Quominus haec fierent nuptiae, volo: sed si id non poterit, Id faciam in proclivi quod est, per me stetisse, ut credat,

    Ter. And. 4, 2, 16 sq.:

    Caesar ubi cognovit per Afranium stare, quominus proelio dimicaretur,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 41:

    graviter eam rem tulerunt, quod stetisse per Trebonium, quominus oppido potirentur, videbatur,

    id. ib. 2, 13; so,

    nec, quominus perpetua cum eis amicitia esset, per populum Romanum stetisse,

    Liv. 8, 2, 2; 9, 14, 1; 6, 33, 2; 44, 14, 12.—
    (γ).
    With ne:

    ne praestaremus per vos stetit, qui, etc.,

    Liv. 45, 23, 6:

    non per milites stetisse, ne vincerent,

    id. 3, 61, 2:

    quasi per ipsum staret, ne redderetur,

    Suet. Aug. 28.—Rarely without the negation; so with ut:

    per quam (ignorantiam) stetit, ut tibi obligarer,

    Plin. Ep. 10, 6 (22), 2; cf. Ter. And. 4, 2, 17 supra; absol.:

    id est, non per me stetit, sed per illud,

    Quint. 3, 6, 78; with subj.-clause:

    si per eum non stetit, parere defuncti voluntati,

    Dig. 32, 1, 36.—
    5.
    Of price, to stand one in, to come to, to cost (mostly post-Aug.):

    Periclum vitae meae tuo stat periculo,

    Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 82:

    Polybius scribit, centum talentis eam rem Achaeis stetisse,

    Liv. 34, 50; cf.:

    sit argumento tibi gratis stare navem,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 19, § 48:

    haud illi stabunt Aeneia parvo Hospitia,

    Verg. A. 10, 494:

    quae neque magno Stet pretio,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 122:

    multo sanguine ac vulneribus ea Poenis victoria stetit,

    Liv. 23, 30:

    haud scio an magno detrimento certamen staturum fuerit,

    id. 3, 60:

    utrique vindicta libertatis morte stetit,

    Vell. 2, 64, 3:

    heu quanto regnis nox stetit una tuis?

    Ov. F. 2, 812 et saep.:

    nulla pestis humano generi pluris stetit,

    Sen. Ira, 1, 2, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > sto

  • 2 rigeo

    rĭgĕo, ēre, v. n. [prob. kindr. with rhigeô, frigeo], to be stiff or numb; to stiffen (syn.: concresco, conglacio).
    I.
    Lit. (class.).
    1.
    With cold:

    frigore,

    Lucr. 3, 891; Cic. Tusc. 1, 28, 69 (opp. uri calore):

    gelu,

    Liv. 21, 32; Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 30; id. Pan. 82, 5:

    prata rigent,

    Hor. C. 4, 12, 3:

    stagnum,

    Col. 8, 17, 2:

    corpora omnibus,

    Liv. 21, 54; cf. poet.:

    horridus December,

    Mart. 7, 95.—
    2.
    Of any physical stiffness:

    gelido comae terrore rigebant,

    stood on end, bristled up, Ov. M. 3, 100; so,

    ora indurata,

    id. ib. 14, 503:

    ardua cervix (with horrent setae),

    id. ib. 8, 284:

    cerealia dona rigent,

    i. e. are hardened into gold, id. ib. 11, 122:

    vestes auroque ostroque,

    are stiff, stand out, Verg. A. 11, 72; cf.:

    terga boum plumbo insuto ferroque,

    id. ib. 5, 405:

    manicae ex auro,

    Sil. 4, 155:

    signa,

    Lucr. 5, 1427.—
    II.
    Poet., transf., to stand stiff or upright:

    (pars summa scopuli) riget,

    Ov. M. 4, 526; 6, 573:

    late riget Tmolus,

    id. ib. 11, 150:

    sine frondibus arbos,

    id. ib. 13, 691:

    illitterati num minus nervi rigent?

    Hor. Epod. 8, 17.—
    III.
    Trop., to remain unmoved, inert (very rare):

    feritas immota riget,

    Mart. 5, 31, 5. —Hence, rĭgens, entis, P. a., stiff, inflexible, rigid, unbending (mostly post-class.).
    1.
    Lit.:

    secui madidas ungue rigente genas,

    Ov. H. 5, 72:

    lorica ex aere,

    Verg. A. 8, 621:

    aqua,

    i. e. frozen, Mart. 14, 117:

    pars mundi ipsis aquilonis conceptaculis rigentissima,

    Sol. 15:

    caput (with praedurum),

    rigid, Quint. 11, 3, 69; cf. id. 2, 13, 9: interque rigentes (partes terrae), Tib. 4, 1, 165:

    gelu flumina,

    Plin. Pan. 82, 5.—
    2.
    Trop., stubborn, inflexible, unyielding:

    animus,

    Sen. Hippol. 413; cf.:

    vir tot malis,

    id. Thyest. 304.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > rigeo

  • 3 stō

        stō stetī (steterunt for stetērunt, V., O., Pr.), status, āre    [STA-], to stand, stand still, remain standing, be upright, be erect: cum virgo staret et Caecilia sederet: quid stas, lapis? T.: ad undam, V.: procul hinc, T.: propter in occulto: qui proximi steterant, Cs.: propius, H.: in gradibus concordiae: stans pede in uno, H.: signa ad impluvium, ante valvas Iunonis: Stabat acuta silex, V.: columna, H.: aeneus ut stes, in a bronze statue, H.: Gn. Quid agitur? Pa. Statur, T.— To stand firm, remain in place, be immovable, last, remain, continue, abide: cui nec arae patriae domi stant, Enn. ap. C.: nec domus ulla nec urbs stare poterit: stantibus Hierosolymis: classem in portu stare, is moored, L.: stant litore puppes, V.: hasta, Quae radice novā, non ferro stabat adacto, stuck fast, O.: stare nobis videtur, at iis qui in navi sunt moveri haec villa, to be motionless: Stantibus aquis, when the sea is at rest, O.: stantes oculi (of owls), staring, O.: stant lumina flammā, are fixed orbs of fire, V.— To remain, tarry, linger, delay, wait: in illo nidore: aut stantem comprendere, aut fugientem consequi, while he lingered: Sto exspectans, si quid mihi inperent, I wait, T.— To stand in battle, fight, hold one's ground, stand firm: ut ignavus miles fugiat... cum ei, qui steterit, etc.: hostis non stetit solum, sed Romanum pepulit, L.: comminus, Cs.: Inque gradu stetimus, certi non cedere, O.—Of a battle, to stand, continue: i<*>i aliquamdiu atrox pugna stetit, L.: ita anceps dicitur certamen stetisse, to have been indecisive, L.— Of buildings or cities, to stand complete, be built, be finished: intra annum nova urbs stetit, L.: Moenia iam stabant, O.: stet Capitolium Fulgens, H.— To stand out, stand upright, stand on end, bristle up, stiffen, be rigid: steterunt comae, V.: in vertice cristae, O.: stat glacies iners, H.: Vides ut altā stet nive candidum Soracte, i. e. stands out, H.: pulvere caelum Stare vident, i. e. like a mass of dust, V.—Fig., to stand, be erect, be undisturbed: mentes, rectae quae stare solebant: utinam res p. stetisset.—Impers., with per and acc. of person, to depend on, be chargeable to, lie at the door of, be due to, be the fault of: ut per me stetisse credat, Quo minus haec fierent nuptiae, that it was my doing, T.: ubi cognovit per Afranium stare, quo minus proelio dimicaretur, Cs.: nec, quo minus perpetua cum eis amicitia esset, per populum R. stetisse, L.: quoniam per eum non stetisset, quin praestaretur (fides), it was not his fault, L.: ne praestaremus per vos stetit, qui, etc., L.—Ellipt.: Id faciam, per me stetisse ut credat (sc. quo minus haec fierent nuptiae), T.: per quos si non stetisset, non Dolabella parentasset, etc., but for whose opposition.—To stand firm, be unshaken, endure, persist, abide, remain, continue: res p. staret: qui illam (rem p.) cadere posse stante me non putarant: regnum puero stetit, L.: Dum stetimus, O.: Stas animo, H.: Gabinium sine provinciā stare non posse, subsist: cum in senatu pulcherrime staremus, held our ground: si in fide non stetit: si in eo non stat: in sententiā, L.: suis stare iudiciis, to stand by: si qui eorum decreto non stetit, Cs.: stare condicionibus: qui his rebus iudicatis standum putet: famā rerum standum est, L.— To be fixed, be determined: Pa. vide quid agas. Ph. Stat sententia, I am resolved, T.: Hannibal, postquam ipsa sententia stetit, pergere ire, L.: neque adhuc stabat, quo, etc., was it decided: mihi stat alere morbum, N.: Stat casūs renovare omnīs, V.— To rest, depend, be upheld, lie: disciplinā stetit Romana res, L.: spes Danaum Palladis auxiliis stetit, V.: famā bella stare, Cu.: Omnis in Ascanio stat cura parentis, V.—Of plays and actors, to stand, be approved, please, take, succeed: partim vix steti, T.: Securus, cadat an stet fabula, H.— To take part, take sides, stand: contra civium perditorum dementiam a bonorum causā: a mendacio contra verum: cum Hannibale, L.: pro meā patriā, L.: vobiscum adversus barbaros, N.: pro signis, O.: pro meliore causā, Cu.: Iuppiter hac stat, stands at your side, stands by you, V.: unde ius stabat, ei (populo) victoriam dedit, on whose side, L.; cf. in Darei partibus, Cu.—Of price, with abl. of price, to stand in, come to, cost: haud scio an magno detrimento certamen staturum fuerit, L.: Polybius scribit, centum talentis eam rem Achaeis stetisse, cost the Achaeans, L.: sit argumento tibi gratis stare navem: magno stat magna potentia nobis, O.
    * * *
    stare, steti, status V
    stand, stand still, stand firm; remain, rest

    Latin-English dictionary > stō

  • 4 Asper

    1.
    asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

    aspris = asperis,

    Verg. A. 2, 379;

    aspro = aspero,

    Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).
    I.
    1.. Lit.:

    lingua aspera tactu,

    Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

    mixta aspera levibus,

    Lucr. 2, 471:

    in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

    Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

    lene, asperum,

    id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

    tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

    Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

    Leucas,

    Luc. 1, 42:

    loca,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

    viae asperae,

    ib. Bar. 4, 26:

    vallis aspera,

    ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

    glacies,

    Verg. E. 10, 49:

    hiems,

    Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

    and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

    harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

    aspera signis Pocula,

    Verg. A. 9, 263:

    Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

    id. ib. 5, 267:

    signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

    Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

    stantem extra pocula caprum,

    Juv. 1, 76):

    Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

    Ov. M. 13, 701:

    aspera pocula,

    Prop. 2, 6, 17:

    ebur,

    Sen. Hippol. 899:

    balteus,

    Val. Fl. 5, 578:

    cingula bacis,

    Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

    nummus,

    not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

    mare,

    agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

    barba,

    Tib. 1, 8, 32:

    sentes,

    Verg. A. 2, 379:

    rubus,

    id. E. 3, 89:

    mucro,

    Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—
    2.
    Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

    quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

    Mart. 11, 86, 1.—
    3.
    Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

    latens in asperis radix,

    Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

    aspera maris,

    Tac. A. 4, 6:

    propter aspera et confragosa,

    Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

    per aspera et devia,

    Suet. Tib. 60:

    erunt aspera in vias planas,

    Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

    asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

    Tac. A. 3, 5.—
    II.
    Transf.
    1.
    Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

    asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

    asper sapor maris,

    Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

    quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

    id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

    asperrimum piper,

    id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

    acetum quam asperrimum,

    id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—
    2.
    Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

    (pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

    virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

    Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

    duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

    Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—
    3.
    Of smell, sharp, pungent:

    herba odoris asperi,

    Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—
    III.
    Trop.
    A.
    a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

    quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

    Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

    orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

    id. Brut. 34, 129:

    aspera Juno,

    Verg. A. 1, 279:

    juvenis monitoribus asper,

    Hor. A. P. 163:

    patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

    Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

    rebus non asper egenis,

    Verg. A. 8, 365:

    cladibus asper,

    exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

    asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

    unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

    (Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

    Ov. M. 13, 803:

    Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

    Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

    asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

    Verg. A. 7, 647:

    aspera Pholoe,

    coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

    accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

    Cic. Mur. 29:

    (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

    (Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

    Liv. 39, 40:

    (Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

    Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

    Camilla aspera,

    id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

    gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

    Just. 2, 3:

    virgo aspera,

    i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—
    b.
    Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

    (anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

    Verg. G. 3, 434:

    bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

    id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

    ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

    Verg. A. 9, 62:

    lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

    Ov. M. 11, 402:

    ille (leo) asper retro redit,

    Verg. A. 9, 794:

    tigris aspera,

    Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

    (equus) asper frena pati,

    Sil. 3, 387.—
    B.
    Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

    in periculis et asperis temporibus,

    Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

    venatus,

    Verg. A. 8, 318:

    bellum,

    Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

    pugna,

    Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

    fata,

    id. ib. 6, 882:

    odia,

    id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

    multa aspera,

    Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

    asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

    Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

    verba,

    Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

    vox,

    Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.
    a.
    Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—
    b.
    Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.
    1.
    Transf.:

    loqui,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

    dicere,

    id. 2, 8, 15:

    syllabae aspere coëuntes,

    id. 1, 1, 37.—
    2.
    Trop.:

    aspere accipere aliquid,

    Tac. A. 4, 31:

    aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

    aspere agere aliquid,

    Liv. 3, 50:

    aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

    Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

    aspere et vehementer loqui,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

    asperius loqui aliquid,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

    asperius scribere de aliquo,

    id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

    asperrime loqui in aliquem,

    Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

    asperrime pati aliquid,

    Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

    asperrime saevire in aliquem,

    Vell. 2, 7.
    2.
    Asper, eri, m.
    I.
    A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

    L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

    Liv. 3, 65, 4. —
    II.
    Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Asper

  • 5 asper

    1.
    asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

    aspris = asperis,

    Verg. A. 2, 379;

    aspro = aspero,

    Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).
    I.
    1.. Lit.:

    lingua aspera tactu,

    Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

    mixta aspera levibus,

    Lucr. 2, 471:

    in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

    Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

    lene, asperum,

    id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

    tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

    Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

    Leucas,

    Luc. 1, 42:

    loca,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

    viae asperae,

    ib. Bar. 4, 26:

    vallis aspera,

    ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

    glacies,

    Verg. E. 10, 49:

    hiems,

    Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

    and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

    harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

    aspera signis Pocula,

    Verg. A. 9, 263:

    Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

    id. ib. 5, 267:

    signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

    Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

    stantem extra pocula caprum,

    Juv. 1, 76):

    Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

    Ov. M. 13, 701:

    aspera pocula,

    Prop. 2, 6, 17:

    ebur,

    Sen. Hippol. 899:

    balteus,

    Val. Fl. 5, 578:

    cingula bacis,

    Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

    nummus,

    not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

    mare,

    agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

    barba,

    Tib. 1, 8, 32:

    sentes,

    Verg. A. 2, 379:

    rubus,

    id. E. 3, 89:

    mucro,

    Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—
    2.
    Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

    quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

    Mart. 11, 86, 1.—
    3.
    Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

    latens in asperis radix,

    Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

    aspera maris,

    Tac. A. 4, 6:

    propter aspera et confragosa,

    Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

    per aspera et devia,

    Suet. Tib. 60:

    erunt aspera in vias planas,

    Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

    asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

    Tac. A. 3, 5.—
    II.
    Transf.
    1.
    Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

    asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

    asper sapor maris,

    Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

    quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

    id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

    asperrimum piper,

    id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

    acetum quam asperrimum,

    id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—
    2.
    Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

    (pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

    virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

    Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

    duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

    Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—
    3.
    Of smell, sharp, pungent:

    herba odoris asperi,

    Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—
    III.
    Trop.
    A.
    a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

    quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

    Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

    orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

    id. Brut. 34, 129:

    aspera Juno,

    Verg. A. 1, 279:

    juvenis monitoribus asper,

    Hor. A. P. 163:

    patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

    Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

    rebus non asper egenis,

    Verg. A. 8, 365:

    cladibus asper,

    exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

    asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

    unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

    (Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

    Ov. M. 13, 803:

    Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

    Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

    asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

    Verg. A. 7, 647:

    aspera Pholoe,

    coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

    accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

    Cic. Mur. 29:

    (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

    (Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

    Liv. 39, 40:

    (Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

    Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

    Camilla aspera,

    id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

    gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

    Just. 2, 3:

    virgo aspera,

    i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—
    b.
    Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

    (anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

    Verg. G. 3, 434:

    bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

    id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

    ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

    Verg. A. 9, 62:

    lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

    Ov. M. 11, 402:

    ille (leo) asper retro redit,

    Verg. A. 9, 794:

    tigris aspera,

    Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

    (equus) asper frena pati,

    Sil. 3, 387.—
    B.
    Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

    in periculis et asperis temporibus,

    Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

    venatus,

    Verg. A. 8, 318:

    bellum,

    Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

    pugna,

    Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

    fata,

    id. ib. 6, 882:

    odia,

    id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

    multa aspera,

    Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

    asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

    Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

    verba,

    Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

    vox,

    Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.
    a.
    Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—
    b.
    Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.
    1.
    Transf.:

    loqui,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

    dicere,

    id. 2, 8, 15:

    syllabae aspere coëuntes,

    id. 1, 1, 37.—
    2.
    Trop.:

    aspere accipere aliquid,

    Tac. A. 4, 31:

    aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

    aspere agere aliquid,

    Liv. 3, 50:

    aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

    Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

    aspere et vehementer loqui,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

    asperius loqui aliquid,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

    asperius scribere de aliquo,

    id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

    asperrime loqui in aliquem,

    Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

    asperrime pati aliquid,

    Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

    asperrime saevire in aliquem,

    Vell. 2, 7.
    2.
    Asper, eri, m.
    I.
    A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

    L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

    Liv. 3, 65, 4. —
    II.
    Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > asper

  • 6 asperum

    1.
    asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

    aspris = asperis,

    Verg. A. 2, 379;

    aspro = aspero,

    Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).
    I.
    1.. Lit.:

    lingua aspera tactu,

    Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

    mixta aspera levibus,

    Lucr. 2, 471:

    in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

    Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

    lene, asperum,

    id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

    tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

    Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

    Leucas,

    Luc. 1, 42:

    loca,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

    viae asperae,

    ib. Bar. 4, 26:

    vallis aspera,

    ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

    glacies,

    Verg. E. 10, 49:

    hiems,

    Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

    and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

    harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

    aspera signis Pocula,

    Verg. A. 9, 263:

    Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

    id. ib. 5, 267:

    signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

    Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

    stantem extra pocula caprum,

    Juv. 1, 76):

    Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

    Ov. M. 13, 701:

    aspera pocula,

    Prop. 2, 6, 17:

    ebur,

    Sen. Hippol. 899:

    balteus,

    Val. Fl. 5, 578:

    cingula bacis,

    Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

    nummus,

    not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

    mare,

    agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

    barba,

    Tib. 1, 8, 32:

    sentes,

    Verg. A. 2, 379:

    rubus,

    id. E. 3, 89:

    mucro,

    Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—
    2.
    Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

    quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

    Mart. 11, 86, 1.—
    3.
    Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

    latens in asperis radix,

    Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

    aspera maris,

    Tac. A. 4, 6:

    propter aspera et confragosa,

    Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

    per aspera et devia,

    Suet. Tib. 60:

    erunt aspera in vias planas,

    Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

    asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

    Tac. A. 3, 5.—
    II.
    Transf.
    1.
    Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

    asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

    asper sapor maris,

    Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

    quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

    id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

    asperrimum piper,

    id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

    acetum quam asperrimum,

    id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—
    2.
    Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

    (pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

    virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

    Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

    duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

    Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—
    3.
    Of smell, sharp, pungent:

    herba odoris asperi,

    Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—
    III.
    Trop.
    A.
    a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

    quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

    Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

    orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

    id. Brut. 34, 129:

    aspera Juno,

    Verg. A. 1, 279:

    juvenis monitoribus asper,

    Hor. A. P. 163:

    patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

    Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

    rebus non asper egenis,

    Verg. A. 8, 365:

    cladibus asper,

    exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

    asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

    unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

    (Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

    Ov. M. 13, 803:

    Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

    Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

    asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

    Verg. A. 7, 647:

    aspera Pholoe,

    coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

    accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

    Cic. Mur. 29:

    (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

    (Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

    Liv. 39, 40:

    (Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

    Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

    Camilla aspera,

    id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

    gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

    Just. 2, 3:

    virgo aspera,

    i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—
    b.
    Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

    (anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

    Verg. G. 3, 434:

    bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

    id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

    ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

    Verg. A. 9, 62:

    lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

    Ov. M. 11, 402:

    ille (leo) asper retro redit,

    Verg. A. 9, 794:

    tigris aspera,

    Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

    (equus) asper frena pati,

    Sil. 3, 387.—
    B.
    Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

    in periculis et asperis temporibus,

    Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

    venatus,

    Verg. A. 8, 318:

    bellum,

    Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

    pugna,

    Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

    fata,

    id. ib. 6, 882:

    odia,

    id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

    multa aspera,

    Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

    asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

    Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

    verba,

    Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

    vox,

    Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.
    a.
    Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—
    b.
    Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.
    1.
    Transf.:

    loqui,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

    dicere,

    id. 2, 8, 15:

    syllabae aspere coëuntes,

    id. 1, 1, 37.—
    2.
    Trop.:

    aspere accipere aliquid,

    Tac. A. 4, 31:

    aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

    aspere agere aliquid,

    Liv. 3, 50:

    aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

    Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

    aspere et vehementer loqui,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

    asperius loqui aliquid,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

    asperius scribere de aliquo,

    id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

    asperrime loqui in aliquem,

    Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

    asperrime pati aliquid,

    Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

    asperrime saevire in aliquem,

    Vell. 2, 7.
    2.
    Asper, eri, m.
    I.
    A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

    L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

    Liv. 3, 65, 4. —
    II.
    Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > asperum

  • 7 Cato

    Căto, ōnis, m. [1. catus], a cognomen of several celebrated Romans in the gens Porcia, Valeria, Vettia al.
    I.
    M. Porcius Cato the elder, distinguished as a rigid judge of morals; hence with the appel. Censorius;

    whose most celebrated works were the Origines and De Re Rustica,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 33, 135; Liv. 31, 1 sqq.; Plin. 7, 27, 28, § 100; 7, 30, 31, § 112; cf., concerning him, Bernhardy, Röm. Litt. p. 521 sq.; 650; Bähr, Lit. Gesch. p. 515; 258; 354 al.;

    Ellendt, Cic. Brut. p. xix.-xxv.—As appel. of a severe judge,

    Mart. 1, prooem. fin.; Phaedr. 4, 7, 21.—Hence,
    B.
    Cătōnĭānus, a, um, adj., of Cato:

    familia,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 4, 6, 5:

    aetas,

    Sen. Tranq. 7, 5:

    illa (i. e. praecepta),

    id. Ep. 94, 27:

    lingua,

    i. e. of high morality, Mart. 9, 27, 14.—
    II.
    His descendant, M. Porcius Cato the younger, the enemy of Cœsar, who committed suicide after the battle of Pharsalia, at Utica; hence with the appel. Uticensis.—
    B.
    Cătōnīni, ōrum, m., the adherents or friends of Cato, Cic. Fam. 7, 25, 1; cf. catonium.—Concerning both, and the Porcian family in gen., v. Gell. 13, 20 Hertz, p. 19 Bip.—On account of their serious and austere character, serious, or gloomy, morose men are called Catones, Sen. Ep. 120, 19; cf. Juv. 2, 40; Phaedr. 4, 7, 21; Petr. 132.—
    III.
    Valerius Cato, a celebrated grammarian of Gaul, and poet of the time of Sulla, Cat. 56; Ov. Tr. 2, 436; Suet. Gram. 2; 4; 11.—
    IV.
    Dionysius Cato, author of the Disticha de moribus, prob. about the time of Constantine; v. the Disticha, with the Sententiae of Syrus, at the end of the Fabulae of Phaedrus, Bip.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Cato

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